Neurospicy Summer

Summer has arrived!

I love the cheerfulness of sunshine-y weather, and I love being able to be outside more and to let Little Peggy wander freely through the house and garden without having to pile coats on or worry about wet feet. I LOVE being able to hang the washing out to dry on the line more often (or having it dry without being rained on thrice first...). Summer feels light, airy, cheery and free, at least when it's not oppressive and deathly like last year's 40°c heatwave...

I'm sure you sense a "but" coming.

Is it the "but" of "incessantly hydrating and applying suncream to toddlers is a pain, even when they're compliant"? Or the "but" of making sure you don't kill the plants (all two of them) by forgetting to water them? No, I'm sure everybody has their own minor inconveniences of summer, just as with every season, but you don't need me to tell you about those.

I don't want to be negative about summer or about being neurodivergent, but at the risk of sounding like a whinge-er I want to talk about a few considerations that feature more particularly in a neurodivergent life and might not seem an issue to others. Some are from my own experience and others are observed, mostly from my neurospicy work life. Perhaps they seem minor or strange to you or perhaps you think, "well that's annoying for everyone." Maybe so, but if someone in your life has seemed out of sorts this week it could perhaps be that they are dealing with some of this or similar, on top of whatever else life is throwing at them right now, and the struggle is genuine.

Suncream

Gotta start with that one! Suncream can be a sensory nightmare for any child (or adult) but even more so someone with sensory processing differences. I remember screaming blue murder at my Mum as a child "you're pulling my arms off!" 

The smell, for one - love it or hate it, we all know the distinctive smell of summer. But if you're a child you probably don't get to choose it, you can't get away from it once it's on you and you're stuck with that extra, possibly distressing, sensory input all day. And then consider arriving at school to find that there are six different brands of suncream that your classmates are all wearing: six different smells to constantly filter through the brain's processing departments.

And next there's the texture - sticky sticky sticky! You stick to yourself, and stuff (like sand) sticks to you. Also everyone looks shiny all of a sudden... Personally I can tolerate suncream although I do hate the texture of it. I buy the spray on creams now I'm an adult, because they leave me less sticky, and I apply sparingly only in the places that really need it. Adults in childcare settings tend to slather on liberally. It's much quicker. And you know they're safe from the sun. But maybe think twice - perhaps you could improve a child's day by applying carefully.

And finally, let's not discount the effect on routines and expectations: suncream adds an extra (and unexpected, for a while) step to the routine of going outside or getting ready in the morning. This could be a real problem for some people.

Routines

While we're on the topic of routines, these can change with the weather too - often we go outside earlier in the day to avoid the worst of the heat. This means other things move around and we don't know what to expect from day to day. "Yesterday we went straight outside when we got to school, I can't wait for today." But then today we don't. Or, "We've gone outside before our usual morning activity. When will we do that activity? What if we don't do it at all?".

We may also need to schedule in extra drinks, especially as recognising thirst (interoception) can be tricky for neurodivergent types. Washing routines may change and any other routine you can think of really! 

Clothing

Hats... some love 'em, some hate 'em. Some, like Little Peggy, can be adamant one way or the other depending on mood.

I have enough of a problem swapping from winter to summer coat (and then to none), but there's more to the summer adjustment than this.

They are awesome shorts
from a wonderful friend.
And now they say neenaw
instead of brrm!

In our house we've also had to work hard on the transition to short sleeves. Little Peggy is not so keen on them. Even before the hot weather he wouldn't tolerate having sleeves rolled up for water or messy play. If his trouser leg or sleeve (or mine!) got pushed up he would pull it down or say "oh no" to ask me to. I remember getting shorts out a few weeks ago to see whether we had any in his size. I knew about the short sleeves/trousers issue. I pulled out a pair of shorts with cars on and he was so excited: "brrm brrm!" He wanted to put them on. First they went over his trousers, then I persuaded him to take the trousers off so I could see if they fit properly. I thought I'd done it. Then he insisted on putting the trousers over the top. Even the joy of the car trousers was not enough to get his legs out, so he wore two pairs of trousers that day!

I'm all for people making their own choices but I also need to protect him from overheating now that it is hot hot. Luckily it is now already hot in the morning and we've worked out that it seems better if we put shorts and t-shirt on straight away and long sleeves are not seen. He still usually tries to pull his sleeves down but I think he's getting used to it - there is less "oh no"ing. We've only managed to be sock free one day so far!

And of course in all of this I have great sympathy with him, because I hate it too. I like the sensation of chosen textures (usually 95% cotton 5% elastane!) against my skin. I do NOT like the texture of skin against my skin. ESPECIALLY when it is warm and sticky. I wrote before about trying to get round this issue when breastfeeding. As a child I didn't like skirts or dresses. For many reasons, but one of them being that your legs stick together, at least in summer ones when you don't wear tights or leggings underneath. A big hoody makes me feel cosy and safe. Having the air on my skin is not as bad as touching skin but still feels uncomfortable. Maybe it's partly the weight from the clothing that I like too, adding proprioceptive input to the tactile sensation.

And neurodivergence doesn't just mean autism although I write a lot about that. Mental ill health also comes under the banner (as do many spices that aren't in my personal neurocupboard - ADHD, dyspraxia and many more) and can add further difficulties to the summer experience. In the past I have worn long sleeves to cover self harm in contexts where I felt I needed to. Eating disorders often come with body image issues or body dysmorphia and people may feel uncomfortable in clothing that does not cover their body or shape. People with certain types of trauma may also wish to hide their body. OCD may be triggered by a whole host of summer-related factors.

Temperature 

This one is so obvious that I nearly forgot it! Some people's bodies are particularly sensitive to changes in temperature, and this can also be a sensory issue for autistic people. Simply being hot is distressing or overloading. 

Interoception problems can play into clothing problems meaning that people don't register when they are too hot and can even become ill from overheating or dehydrating without realising.

Sweat

Tied in with temperature, the sensations of sweating can also be problematic if clothing becomes wet (NOT OKAY!!), skin feels different (don't even think about drippy sweat!!) or the body smells different. The need to wash more could be difficult for sensory reasons or because of a change to routine.

Sunshine/light

The sun is bright! Which is lovely. And at the same time it can lead to sensory overload. I love sunny weather but I struggle with too much brightness, and I'm not even someone who gets migraines! It took me ages to realise why I would feel so overwhelmed and exhausted after visiting my family in the post-covid restriction era. I thought it was because I had become unused to spending time there, but eventually I realised it was because I was sitting in the conservatory all day (to minimise contamination). I had brightness all day and I was overloading me. I started wearing my sunglasses for some of the time and it was better. But I also don't really like wearing sunglasses because they change the colours of the world and make it less vibrant and beautiful (to me, anyway). So it's swings and roundabouts! For some people the sensation of sunglasses on their face will also be too overloading so that's an issue to consider as well.

Fans

Visually whizzy, noisy ear-fillers, and disturbing air-movers! Actually, some autistic people really LOVE fans and find them very stimmy. Some love them but find them overstimulating. I find that the sensations (air blowing on me and sound especially) fill my brain, which I can cope with if I'm doing OK but is too much if I'm already a little overdone.

Food

When the weather warms up people suddenly start doing strange things like eating cold food for tea (dinner/evening meal, whatever your preferred terminology!) and eating outside! "Ooh it's too hot to eat much this afternoon we'll just have a light lunch" (what if I'm ravenous?!). These things often happen at short notice too, which is even more difficult for NDs to cope with. Obviously they're not strange to everyone but it's useful to note that what we may not even register as a change is a big difference in some brains.

Change

Perhaps the underlying issue with all of this is change - most neurodivergent people struggle with change, and the changing weather brings all of these different changes I've described and many more I haven't noticed or highlighted here. Even children playing outside more changes the auditory landscape and can be troublesome for some people. Even good changes are hard for a neurodivergent brain to adjust to, and some of those that come with summer are difficult or even distressing for some people.

Executive function

Perhaps this should come under routines, or under change, but all the changes that come with the season change can put an extra strain on executive function. Things that were previously automatic routines may need thinking about (when leaving the house I must now try and remember to take my sunglasses and to water the plants, as well as taking my dinner bag and rucksack which is my routine). There may be additional decisions to make, for example with clothing choices - perhaps I had a routine of which clothes I wore on which days and now I need to develop a new routine of summer clothes, which involves choosing outfits for a time. I need to choose whether to wear a second layer and when to take it off (bear in mind the complicated equation of tactile sensory issues, interoceptive issues and psychological issues as well as practicality about having a place to store the discarded layer and trying to remember to take it home again later!). Of course difficulty sleeping in hot weather impacts on executive function too.

All of these factors mean other executive functions such as emotional regulation become underfunded, as it were, with the effort diverted to adjusting to the changes.

So if you care for someone of a different neurotype, hopefully this will give you an idea as to the kind of things that might be going on for them. It may not be as simple as "defiance/temper/control" in children, or irritability/inappropriate behaviour/exhaustion in adults - the brain and body are doing a whole lot of extra work to try and come to terms with changes, discomforts and confusion. What looks like an overreaction may well be proportionate to what is happening for somebody. Compassion, understanding and a step by step approach can all help to make these things easier, as well as making sure there is even more time/space for whichever activities/environments help your person to be well regulated.

Is it OK that Everybody's Toolbox is Different?

Somebody that I know has been thriving in a setting that is fairly new to them. It is a very controlled environment with minimal disruption to routines or unexpected occurrences, and a limited number of people, nearly all of whom are known and only a few of whom are regularly in the room. There is little change in the sensory environment beyond daily variations caused by weather etc. This person notices any other changes very quickly on arrival into the room and discusses them to help them process the difference. When the person is tired they are easily overwhelmed by sensory stimuli or mishaps, but generally they manage well and thrive in the setting, developing skills rapidly and displaying positive signs of good wellbeing. 

Masking serves a protective
purpose but is harmful

Life at home has improved too. More dysregulation is seen than in the setting (Home is a safe place and it is completely normal for more distress to be expressed in the home. Where the distress is displayed is often not the same place as the place that causes the build-up of stress.), but markedly less than before spending time in the new setting. This means the improvements seen in the new setting are likely to be genuinely benefitting the person rather than them masking until they get home and then experiencing even worse distress.

The situation that is causing most difficulty for this person at the moment is going out and about in the world. In the new setting and at home independence skills such as walking and managing their own levels of sensory tolerance (eg. asking to wash hands before sensations become completely overwhelming and lead to meltdown) are really coming into their own and meaning this person can access many more of the opportunities they want to in the way that they want to, but it's frustrating for them and upsetting for those spending time with them that this isn't working in the community yet.

The noise of the street has been raised as one issue that may be contributing to their overwhelm and dysregulation when out and about and my first go-to was to wonder aloud whether they would benefit from trying ear defenders. The initial response from another person in the conversation was hesitant. "Hm... but we wouldn't want them to get overly dependent on them and not learn to cope. They might just wear them all the time because of the novelty factor."

Now, ear defenders or noise cancelling headphones are not a simple fix. Some people find the physical sensations of having them on their heads worse than dealing with the sounds. They are more effective for dulling certain sounds than others so their usefulness depends somewhat on which sounds are bothersome. So they may not be useful for this person anyway and I'm certainly not going to enforce something that doesn't benefit a person. But at this point I was simply thinking allowed about offering an opportunity to try them out in case they did help, and the initial response surprised me from someone who is enormously caring and only ever wants to bring benefits to people's lives. 

To begin with it bothered me and I felt cross that they could be so cruel and potentially deny someone something that might help (the person described wouldn't be likely to have this idea themselves or the possibility to source the resource) because in their view using ear defenders would be a negative thing. Then I had a word with myself and realised that this was not the intent. I know this person and they have no malicious intent. They want to help, but they are uninformed and I might be able to help them to see a different perspective. 

The beauty of a good working relationship and reflective people who genuinely want the best is that we can have these conversations and we are willing to change our opinion when we are shown new aspects of a situation that we weren't aware of. 

New skills and resources are so much fun!

I pointed out that our friend does definitely overdo things on the novelty factor but that it only tends to last a couple of weeks. When they learnt to drink out of an open cup with a straw they drank excessively for two or three weeks, but this soon regulated itself to a normal intake with little to no input from those around. 

And what I hope I remembered to convey is that tools and aids are called tools and aids because they do just that. They help. They mean you can do more than you could otherwise. Just because someone can walk short distances sometimes doesn't mean that they should never use a wheelchair if it means they can access places where they can't walk the distance, or where they can stay for longer because they haven't used up the energy walking. Using a wheelchair to get around a shopping centre might mean they can get out in the shops to look at the items, and that they can visit more shops than if they were walking. And anyway, if someone needs to wear ear defenders 24/7, why shouldn't they?

"Learning to cope" is a dangerous phrase. It usually translates to "learning not to outwardly show distress." And if that "learning" has ever happened to you, you will know how dangerous it is. Sensory issues can change over time but far more often the distress is simply transferred. It may well be internalised, meaning immediate distress is not seen but building higher levels of background stress and lower tolerance to triggers: more meltdowns later. Sometimes there is shutdown instead of the forbidden meltdowns (these are just as distressing for the person, but don't tend to bother others), or people learn to dissociate, or self-harm in a hidden way to cope with the overload. The damage to a person's identity from learning that who they are is not acceptable leads to mental health problems that may or may not display in typical ways. The exclusion from activities and settings that they could enjoy and benefit from with a few simple accommodations is not only a shame and a sad thing that people are missing out. It is a disgrace if there is something we knew we could do or offer (or allow others to do) and we don't. 

You wouldn't deny someone sunglasses at the beach because if they just went without then they'd learn to cope. You know that not wearing sunglasses wouldn't kill them, but you also know they will enjoy their day more if they are wearing them. 

Would you tell a short person they should really be able to manage without using a step to reach something on the top shelf? Would you refuse to let a dyslexic person use a colour filter to assist their reading and tell them they will manage in the end without it?

Aids used by people whose brains use more space to deal with input or tasks are exactly that. They make life easier, they make tasks quicker, more comfortable, more enjoyable and allow people to do more of what they want and need to do. They do not signify laziness, a desire for attention, or weakness. They are tools used by resourceful people who are actively trying to participate in their own lives in a world where that is more difficult for them than for other people.

Everyone uses tools, it's just that you're used to seeing sunglasses, dishwashers, cars and scissors. Next time you see a tool in action that you don't use, instead of writing it off as weirdness, laziness or weakness, have a look at the function it provides and see if you can imagine all the different benefits it brings its user. 

Some tools seem to bring judgment on their users, and it isn't right.

Edited to add: Variable Conditions

This happens all the time to people who use different tools from "the norm" and to people whose conditions vary (think of the wheelchair example above). If someone doesn't need an aid all the time, it still doesn't mean they are being weak or lazy or demanding attention when they do use it. It simply means they have greater need of it at that time.

Even in a special school where we should be helping people find skills to regulate their own internal state in whatever way works for them, I see judgment of using tools and aids worryingly frequently. Talking is somehow "better" than using AAC (alternative or augmentative communication, eg. text to speech apps, writing, Picture Exchange Communication System). If you can talk suddenly it may be frowned upon to use a different method of communication even though they've been teaching you to use it for years... And you can say more with your AAC... And you can say it with less stress with your AAC... Surely communication (and thereby increased wellbeing) is the goal, not speech?

I'm here to say, as a generally verbal autistic person with relatively low support needs and a largely independent life, these things matter. I am non-verbal at times. Just because I can talk most of the time doesn't mean I always can. And even when I can, it doesn't mean I can say what I need to say or that it's my most effective communication method. In therapy I have used writing at least as much as I have talked. In some situations eg. shutdown I use a bit of signing, or flashcards or write a note. It gets my problem solved, which I wouldn't be able to do verbally. The more tools we give people to put in their toolbox (and support them to be able to use them), the better equipped they are to fix problems and to build things they enjoy. Why wouldn't we?

How exhaustion and stress affect autistic "symptoms"

Having had a bit of a manic week (with another one to come), I have been forced to observe the effects of being overtired both physically and mentally on how my autism presents.

I have often noticed, and it is hardly surprising that in case, life isn't already hard enough when circumstances are difficult, our brains and bodies seem to think it's a great idea to join the party and make it even harder.

This is clearly not just an issue for autistic people as it is natural to find our coping resources depleted when we do not have time or energy to engage in those things that normally keep us well in body and mind. We all notice that it is harder to maintain an even keel emotionally, to make good decisions, to look after ourselves and others when we are tired or stretched, but I wanted to talk about the specific effects it has on my autistic traits, in case that is new or of interest for anyone.

So without further ado - differences I have noticed this week:

Sound sensitivity
Being around a lot of noisy people, or a particular sound that normally I can cope with I have found overwhelming this week. When this happens I can't see a solution/escape and feel trapped which makes me even more panicky and overwhelmed. Being aware of this helps as I can sometimes rationalise and stop to look for a solution. Otherwise, sometimes one is provided by somebody who has picked up on my situation (a lovely person did that once this week!).

Lack of social filtering
I become more abrupt and less filtered in what I say. I forget to be socially acceptable and just say things as I see them. This can result in people seeing me as rude (understandably, as I probably am being rude!), weird or snappy, which is sad for me.

Tactile sensitivity
Labels in clothes that I normally don't mind begin to bother me! I also seek more regulatory tactile sensations such as my blanket, BFRBs (body-focused repetitive behaviours) etc.

Increased intolerance for change/error
Fairly self-explanatory. Change, the unexpected and people doing things "wrong". If I can buy some extra processing time this can sometimes be managed, otherwise the upheaval of trying to readjust my brain to accommodate the anomaly can lead to overload or use of negative coping mechanisms.

Increased intolerance for failure
Any perceived error on my part can also easily become overwhelming. The thoughts can easily lead to overload or use of negative coping mechanisms, feeding into my mental health disorder and trying to bring me back into destructive cycles of thought and behaviour if I can't engage in some CFT (compassion-focused therapy) techniques or counter the thoughts with something believable but less unkind.

Decrease in emotional regulation
Again quite obvious. It's much easier for me to become dysregulated by any little thing that may happen, and harder for me to bring myself back to functionality. I'm much more likely to have shutdowns or need extra time to use soothing methods and keep myself calm.

Decrease in ability to communicate
Even if I can cognitively rationalise what is happening, I am much less able to convey that to somebody else. It's like my brain shuts down that possibility so that even if I want to, I can't just tell somebody that I am having a problem and what that problem is. It's as if that is just too much, too big or important, or it would dissolve me or something. It's rather difficult to explain, actually.

Decreased capacity for being with people
People are just too exhausting! Because of the energy it takes to be with people, to think of things to say, to make sure they're acceptable things, to try and make sure I do all the right things in a conversation (answer questions with just the right amount of details, ask questions, but not the exact same ones, use the right level of formality of language, don't do anything stupid with your body, finish the interaction correctly, etc etc etc), when I am tired or my brain is full, I just don't have the capacity for much of this.

Bad sleep
It's very rare for me to sleep badly. I am the one who will sleep through anything, always struggles to wake up in the morning, steals all the duvet and kicks/generally bashes about Mr Peggy each night! But this week I was plagued by anxiety dreams, and a strange brand of them too, not just the usual ones but ones set into a nice life-like situation from a few years ago to make it particularly hard-hitting and the effects longer-lasting into the day (my usual anxiety dreams are about waves, tides or being late for things. Oh, and sometimes teeth falling out!). I also unaccountably woke up several times during the night and one morning even woke up at 5.30 wide awake. This is unheard of in the Peggy household (for me anyway!). And of course doesn't help the cycle of exhaustion.

Processing time
When the stress and exhaustion ramp up or last longer than a few days I also see a noticeable increase in processing time and brain speed. This can range from taking a long time to find words (just everyday ones like "handle" this week!) to taking things more literally than usual or not seeing the meaning of what somebody has said to me. Often it only clicks several hours after a conversation that I completely misunderstood what somebody was getting at! When it's really bad it even affects written communication if things are not spelled out completely explicitly.

There are probably other things as well, but just some quick thoughts, and an apology to all those who have suffered from my various deficits this week! It is frustrating when these kinds of problems come into play because I am normally relatively good at presenting a rough basic level of "socially acceptable" (and when I'm not it's usually for things that are "weird" rather than negative, like carrying a blanket with me or lying on the floor rather than being rude), so people are not used to making allowances for my social communication difficulties and just see rudeness/withdrawal/strange over-reactions. Hopefully the weekend will help, and by the time next week is over I can begin to get back to normality!

A sensory processing meditation

Imagine it’s Monday morning.

You are getting ready for work. You’re not a hundred per cent sure whether you can face the thought of another week. You’ve got some tricky meetings coming up and a load of data that needs to be done accurately, but you work with a supportive colleague and you know there’s some fun planned in the afternoon. Anyway, you don’t have a choice, because you have to pay the bills and your partner would hardly be impressed if you refused to go just because you didn’t feel like it. Not to mention your manager.

You get out of bed and prepare for the day. You’ve got an outfit in mind that will help you take on the day. What have you chosen? What is it made of? What colour is it? How does it make you feel? Relaxed? Powerful? Cheerful? 

Go and open the wardrobe and look inside. You see that your clothes have been replaced by a very impressive yet rather cumbersome suit of armour.

It’s the only thing there, and you can’t go to work wearing nothing. Your partner who drives you to work is hurrying you along. It’s time to go. You need to be at work. You have a meeting at 9. You can’t miss it.

It’s difficult to put the armour on. Your partner has to help with the gauntlets. You have no idea how you can even begin to do the day wearing this. You have to wear the sabatons on your feet as well. Your partner fixes them on and practically drags you out of the door. It’s hard to co-ordinate your movements.

You arrive just in time for the meeting, but every movement reminds you of this suit of armour. It gets in the way. It makes some very unwelcome noise in the serious meeting. It’s very uncomfortable. The corners dig into your muscles. You must present the information you have brought to the meeting, but you can’t see out properly. The helmet is too tight, squashing your head. All eyes are on you, wondering why you’re not explaining the data. Your elbows and knees rub on the hard metal every time you bend them.

Perhaps you can take your attention off your predicament for long enough to notice that everyone else is wearing armour too. But they all seem perfectly comfortable and are moving on with the meeting smoothly. 

The meeting ends and you never did manage to make a valuable contribution. How do you feel? Angry that you didn’t perform well and it wasn’t even your fault? Ashamed because the manager you wanted to impress was there? Upset? Exhausted? Not to mention in pain and way too hot by this point. But you can’t take the armour off. Everyone else is wearing theirs without comment, and it’s not even lunch time.

"Don't worry, you're fine really!"

You manage to find a friend on your coffee break and ask what is going on and how on earth they were able to cope in the meeting. You friend reassures you that everything’s fine. Don’t worry; you’re OK. Just keep going and focus on the things you’re doing. You’ll get used to it - see - we’re all OK. 

After lunch you discover that parts of the suit are actually lined with sandpaper, and that is why you feel like the skin is rubbing off your toes every time you take a step, and why you get such pain when you stand up and the suit rests heavy again on your shoulders. But when you try leaving your hands and feet uncovered after lunch, you are told in no uncertain terms that it is unacceptable to present yourself like that. You must look the same as everybody else or you have no right to be one of them. You think perhaps you would rather not be one of them, even though you were so desperate to impress this morning. You remember that there were parts of the day you would have enjoyed if you’d have been in that outfit you had in mind this morning. The one you couldn’t find in the wardrobe. 

But by now it’s an effort just to endure what should have been a fun afternoon, and all you want is to be at home, in your pyjamas, safe. 

The constant pain reminds you every minute that you are wearing this suit in response to a requirement of yourself (you can’t go to work naked and you must go to work), your partner (you must leave the house now, and we need to pay the bills) and your manager (you must look presentable like everybody else). How does that make you feel? Angry? Hostile? Rebellious? Now imagine that you have a condition where you find it difficult to comply with your own and others’ expectations or demands even when you need to do something that you really enjoy. How much more difficult does it make it to keep this suit of armour on?

You reach the end of the day, get the suit off and crawl into bed. How do you feel now? Defeated, that everybody else just functioned as normal but you couldn’t? Worthless, because you couldn’t overcome the challenge? Cheated, that you couldn’t enjoy the fun? Frustrated, because you couldn’t prove in that meeting what you really can do?

~~~~~~~~~~~~~

And how do you feel when you find out that everybody else’s armour was fake? Fleece lined and flexible. They weren’t acting differently because it wasn’t different. They didn’t see the difference in your armour. They didn’t listen when you tried to ask, and they didn’t believe you when you tried to say you couldn’t do it. “You’re OK”, they said. “Just get on with it.”

~~~~~~~~~~~~~

NEVER assume you know something about somebody or their experience unless THEY have told you. You can’t assume that because you, or the majority of people, find something comfortable or acceptable, that the individual in front of you also does.

You can’t assume that because you get a sense of belonging by looking the same as everybody else, that all people do. Some people find their sense of belonging in being understood and accepted. In feeling that their needs are reasonable and that they are supported to contribute to the best of their ability. Without that feeling, they will never have a sense of belonging, no matter how much they look like the others in a group.

If we want to call ourselves an inclusive community, let’s not miss an opportunity to create the feeling of value that is so easily stolen from so many vulnerable people.