Memory

I often need a little rant about my memory, but it's the sort of rant you can't really have to real people without sounding like an idiot. I'm assuming real people don't read this but if they do, I hope that they will suspend judgment of me and try and understand what it's like to be like me.

I have a really good memory. I'm not trying to boast (I really hate boasting: other people doing it or me sounding like I am) but it's just a fact that I've gradually come to realise. For years and years I just assumed everyone's was as the same, and it drove me absolutely mad how illogical, inconsistent and plain contradictory people were, and even why they lied. I have come to the conclusion that although we are all some of those things some of the time, a lot of what I thought was that is actually that other people's brain simply don't remember things in the same way mine does.

I'm trying to use this newfound knowledge to stop myself getting so frustrated with people. I'm teaching myself to just answer the question when it's put to me for the 17th (or just second...) time by the same person. I remind myself that when people recall an event or conversation or scene with errors, it's not their fault, their brain just doesn't record conversations word for word.

In this respect it's also helping that my memory is no longer pretty much perfect. I forget things too, and so I can see how it happens to others. I don't know if it's just because I'm getting older (getting on for 30 soon... this could be a whole lot worse in years to come!) or because there are just more things to remember. But this is also hard for me to adjust to because I'm so used to my memory being reliable and being able to recall anything that's happened, that I find it difficult to deal with when I can't remember, or remember wrongly.

Despite the current intermittent failings of my poor old memory, it is still pretty good generally (read here "quite a lot better than most people's"). On first thoughts, who wouldn't want a fantastic memory? You don't lose stuff, you don't have to revise because you already learnt the stuff once in lessons, you don't have confusions because you know what happened in the past, etc etc. This is all very true, and it does make life easier and a lot more efficient in many ways. The trouble comes when you put other people in the equation.

The person with the good memory, if he or she doesn't try to hide it, looks like the annoying know-it-all. It's actually very uncomfortable often knowing that you're right. I find it very hard to let things go that aren't true (unsurprisingly, with the whole autism thing), so even when I stop myself correcting people they can often see it on my face. I don't want to be right, because it makes them feel bad, and it makes me feel bad because I think they think I somehow feel superior through being right. But I don't - I feel worse. It's not anything of my own virtue being able to remember, it's just the way my brain works.

Another, purely selfish reason for not liking having a better memory, is that it's annoying when other people forget! If people move my things, it's a big problem for me, because I know where I had put them, but now I have no idea where they are. I guess if people don't always remember they're used to having to look for stuff. So much time is wasted going over things we should know when we could be doing new things. I used to snooze through half of my AS Psychology lessons because they would go over the same things every lesson, which we'd already covered, so what was the point of listening? Or a current common one, in dancing lessons when working on a syllabus, if the teacher has checked the book and corrected a movement (for example an arm we have been putting in the wrong place), I will retain that correction for evermore, but others will do it right that lesson and then revert to the old way. For a couple of weeks it will look like I'm doing it wrong, until they check again and get corrected again, and I will think "that's what we've been doing all along!"

Over the past couple of years, as I've been more aware of myself and my strengths and weaknesses and how and why I respond to the world, I've developed some techniques to try and appear more normal and less obnoxious. Maybe some of these will be helpful to people, or maybe you think they are a terrible idea. Let me know!

Question and get someone else to find the answer you already know: In the above situation of the dance lesson, I have worked out I can ask "is the arm there in first or fifth?" without sounding like I think I know best. Phrases like "I'm sure we've discussed this but I can't remember whether it was... or... Can we check?" or "hold on, did/didn't we do it like this last week?" (but if they say no don't insist we did!)

Just pretend you don't remember: I don't like this method very much because it's not really truthful and as I mentioned, I really like the truth. But it can be a useful method of not sounding like a pedantic annoying autistic person. Using this method a few times can dilute the unnerving impression of someone that remembers everything to an annoying extent.

Pretend you're not sure: add a disclaimer/say your statement in a slightly questioning of British-ly apologetic manner, for example "I had the vague idea it was this but I'm not certain/don't quote me on that/I'm not sure where I got that from"

Just let it go: I think I need to learn that sometimes it doesn't actually matter. The fact or truth being known may not have any effect on the matter in hand and you may sound like an idiot if you insist on it. But it kind of goes against the grain even writing that, because if people aren't at least truthful and factual to the best of their knowledge, what can you trust and build on? So I think I'll have to work on that one.

Keep your mouth shut: this was the method I adopted until the age of at least 20. I never spoke up about anything. I just assumed that other people knew better, that my opinion or experience was irrelevant. The trouble with this method is that you can end up with a very negative view of yourself, and all the good gets hidden away with the bad so it doesn't benefit anybody else either.

I'm now trying to find a balance of re-finding my old silence, because sometimes it is wise to stay silent (but I need to get control of my face and body for that to work!), and being tactful in finding ways of getting facts into matters where they do need to be known. And of course I'm working on not getting as frustrated with others and myself forgetting, because it is a human thing that happens, not people's choice. We can't magically implant correct memories so we have to be patient with what there is, and everybody accepting they can be wrong is a step in the right direction.

I should mention, this is long term memory we are talking about here. My short term memory can be shocking. I have trouble keeping track of everything I need to do so I live by lists, and if somebody at work asks me what happened yesterday I might have to think really hard before answering!

As always, please feel free to ask questions or share your own experiences :)

Chris Packham: Fingers in the Sparkle Jar talk at Hay Festival 2016

I never really felt wholly connected. I didn't really understand them, I didn't understand the way they, sort of, worked, as it were. I understood the way animals worked, I was beginning to understand that at least, but I didn't understand the way they worked.

I was in a world of one and they were going to their parties, and doing things, and girls wanted to snog boys and vice versa, or not vice versa as the case may be, but I just wasn't there. And I was initially very confused and frustrated and angry, very angry. I didn't realise, I couldn't identify, I thought I was wrong. I thought there was something wrong with me. Why didn't I fit it?

One of those, my Biology teacher, I wouldn't be having this conversation with anyone today, if it weren't for his energies and direction he gave me at the time. He seemed to identify my obsessions and think they should be put to good use.

I was always getting caned for saying what I thought. I mean, if the teacher had BO.... she did have BO! Why wouldn't I say that? That didn't compute with me. But it didn't compute with her either.

I see it all with I think what to many people would be an astonishing clarity. I remember all of the details in the book, you know, visually very powerfully and brightly and accurately I think.

With a power of observation like that, and a pen like that... why you don't turn it on any human in the book.
Um, I suppose I like animals more than people.

[Relationships with animals are] very strong and they're very trusting and they're very complete, and perhaps more than most of the relationships I've had with humans.

There is no competition between myself and them.

I genuinely enjoy coming second to a tiger. It's a privilege to share my life with both of them... I feel a great deal of comfort in the fact that that bond between her and her animal is more powerful perhaps than the one we have between us.

Initially it was very superficial. When I first picked up ladybirds and I put things into jam jars it was the perfection and the sheer beauty of them...
As I grew older and I began to understand how the natural world lives in this remarkable, complex but dynamic harmony, how everything integrates and has a place. So the starling isn't as beautiful on its own... It's more beautiful when it's connected to everything that it plays a role in. Where it's eating something and being eaten, when it's shaping that community. And at that point the human species was left far behind, because we don't do that. Everything we do upsets that natural harmony and disturbs it, damages it and destroys it. So my liking at that point for the human organism failed considerably.

At the time I was immediately struck by a difference. In the way [the people of the Sumatran hunter-gather tribe] that they behaved, that they moved, that they carried themselves, their whole attitude. Everything that came out of them... was different... It was only afterwards that I realised that what I'd sensed and seen was that these were perfect people. They were in harmony with that environment. And when they moved they moved through it with a grace that I'd never seen anyone move... And the way that they interacted with us, without wonder, awe, without any jealousy or envy for the trappings that we have... They had an enormous self-confidence because they were fitting, the fitted into that environment. So I saw perfect humans once, in Sumatra.

We have the ability to rectify so many of the things that we've done and are doing wrong... but unfortunately we're not implementing them. And this makes me again, enormously disappointed in humans.

So we will solve this, but why smash it up to start with? Why not build on what we've got left now. So I'm very frustrated with the human species.

Yeah. I have. Perhaps not quite with the same intensity as that kestrel. I think there was a mark left by the bird and its loss, which hasn't ever really been addressed. But yes, I have had other animals that I've lived with and lost that I've found pretty much the same. Both while they're alive, the immense joy at being able to spend time with them, share my life with the, and the irrecoverable loss when they disappeared... I'm not fearful of it. I think that you give everything, you take everything back. So I wouldn't not culture more of those relationships in the future... I know that when you get on that train, it's going to be derailed at some point.

Killing for no reason is not something you ever see in the natural world. There's no other species on earth that will kill something else unless it has a reason to do it... but we will do it without any... I still struggle with killing things for no reason. It doesn't compute with me.

The book essentially is about how we develop an appreciation for life and try and develop an understanding of the role that death plays in life.

Because we don't know when we're going to die... we never think it's going to happen. We think life is limitless, it just goes on and on, and this means we don't count rainbows, we don't feel things as profoundly about thinkgs as we should, because we think we can do it tomorrow.

I had things dying all around me, I was reading about extinct creatures, the dinosaurs, and yet it was always "when you leave school, Chris", "when you go to University", "when you grow up", "when you have a family" and it was like, "hold on, that may not happen, because it didn't happen for those tadpoles. They didn't even get to grow legs, let alone go to University!" So I've always been confused by our reluctance to address death, and I think it's because we don't know when it's coming, and if we did, I think we'd have a much healthier outlook towards it.

How did it all come right? One of the most instrumental aspects.of that was punk-rock. I had got to a point when I was sixteen, in '76, when I'd realised that I was different from everyone else and that I really couldn't connect with them and I'd become very angry with them for excluding me. And then all of a sudden there was this immediate device of being able to identify very clearly to everyone else that I wasn't like them. I liked the music... and the ethos... It was very clear to me to say certainly to my peers "I'm not one of you and I'm pretty pleased about it" and so it was an ideal separating mechanism. It didn't solve all of the problems: I still thought I was the one that was wrong, but it was an ideal way to show other people that I wasn't part of their world.

Anger needs to be used for a purpose. It needs to be used creatively, so you have to turn that into a way of making progress, whether it's personal or other. And I still stick with that now. I do get very angry about things, but the anger now is directed at trying to come up with a solution, rather than scream and shout, spit and wail and make a terrible noise with a guitar.

I'm not ever satisfied... I think that that is a useful fuel, dissatisfaction, and I do fear contentment. And I think for me, I worry about contentment breeding flabbiness and lack of energy and direction. And happiness is something that I don't think can be sculpted. Happiness is perhaps something which comes fleetingly, when it's unexpected, and it has to be treasured and again that goes back to that thing I was saying about knowing when you're going to die and how much treasure, and how much weight you should put on circumstance...
I began to understand that things like that don't last. They can be fleeting and they must be treasured. That's why I get up every morning and I run with my dogs... and I enjoy every moment... because that may end at any moment. So happiness is something that I don't try to make, but if it happens, I don't waste.

What I don't understand

Why people want to hurt people, or things
Why people want revenge and repayment
Why people lie
Why people don't value truth, beauty and real love - wanting what's best for someone else first, what will make them happiest not you


What I think most people don't experience as I do:
Nature - water, sky, trees, wind
Animals

Anniversary

Make you smile, watch you sleep, love you when you weep
Hold hands and hold hope
To know me inside out and back to front to know you
How to hurt and how to heal
See that it is good

Hold hands all the years

Close

Sometimes I need to be so close I can't look at you

I'm safe when you touch me; it'll all be ok
Hold me tight, and muscle tension flows away

Sometimes we know each other better than ourselves. Sometimes can't fathom at all.

I can't always look, but you need me to

What is AS for me?

In no particular order, here are the things that AS means for me in my life.

Uncertainty is a huge issue for me. Maybe the biggest. If someone says "maybe I'll do this" I will spend the next indeterminable time period repeatedly going over the options of what will happen if they do or don't do that thing; how my day will look, what will I need to expect, what will I need to be prepared for, and I will be constantly questioning "does that mean they will do that, or they won't do it or they themselves don't know yet (in which case, again will they or won't they end up doing it?)", trying to work out the probability of each of the myriad possibilities of how the day will run. And the thing they are doing could even just be "I might go and buy milk" or "I might make a cake." If there is any uncertainty at all, the issue will remain in my mind as unresolved, like a flagged or unread email, demanding attention until resolved. If there is any emotional involvement with any of the options the chasing of thoughts escalates and often comes out physically in my body as feeling sick (if worried) or in repetitive gestures like finger wiggling or fist clenching if excited (though I think I manage to keep these down to only in private).


Another aspect of uncertainty is uncertainty of people's expectations. I need clarity in what is expected. I am very happy to do a task for you if I know exactly what you want, but if there are options and I have to guess, it becomes very stressful for me. If I know something is expected but I can't deliver because I don't know what or I don't have the skills, the situation seems inescapable to me and this has been the trigger for quite a high percentage of my 'shutdowns' or whatever you want to call them. The same applies to what is expected of me in a certain situation, for example when I am unsure what or how much I am expected to say, whether somebody is expecting a reply or whether they are making a joke.

Change is difficult to deal with. This can be change in my surroundings, like a rearrangement of furniture (even just a turning around of something on the work surface. Why? Why change things if they're fine? It's all wrong now. Something inside reacts and I don't even know what. It's like my whole world has been turned upside down. I can't work out what it is that I feel, but it's wrong. If someone can explain a reason for the change: e.g. "it makes more space on the surface" this can help) or a change in my expectation for the day. I think this could be linked to uncertainty, because if one thing has changed, how do I know I can rely on anything else to be as expected? As a side note, for me, big changes are often easier than little ones. This is probably because they are usually less sudden, more thought through, more expected and more prepared for. Somebody parking their bike in "my" space is completely unexpected, hits me just when I'm preparing to settle down into my own safe world after people-ing, and makes me want to cry, and sometimes shout and bang (again, why would someone do that?). It takes a while before I come to terms with the fact that I could park my bike elsewhere, and even then that space is wrong and my insides are wrong.

Searching for something else I came across this scale. I wish I could use it to show people how I feel about change. Sometimes I am at least a 7 on matters where other people may not have even realised they have made a change.

Inconsistency makes me all wrong as well. How does it not stick out like a jack-in-the box popping up in your face to people? It might be spelling inconsistency in a document or inconsistency of policy/treatment of people (this is touching on unfairness, which is entirely inexplicable and unacceptable for me), or things moving about (where has someone decided to keep the washing up liquid at work today? Why can't it just live in one place?!), or people saying one thing and doing another. I want to scream and shout "what are you doing? How do you think this is OK?"

The Plan is everything. The first thing that happens when my brain switches on in the morning, before my eyes open or I think about anything else, I work out what day it is and what is happening that day. I flash through what to expect, whom I will see and interact with, roughly how those interactions will go, what I need to take with me and wear (this I will have prepared the night before). Sometimes I know there is a question mark about something, for example, I am going to work but I don't know for sure whether we will be swimming in our swimming session or whether a certain child will be poorly. If I know there is a question mark, I can deal with that, but if something changes unexpectedly that can be more difficult, depending on the change and its implications. The most difficult ones are changes that affect my 'down time' or 'me time': if The Plan was to have the evening in alone and this changes, for example I have to go out unexpectedly, I will be quite stressed about it.

If somebody suggests something that isn't in The Plan I tend to automatically react in the negative. Don't be ridiculous, of course we can't do that. If I have time to adjust, however, I might come round to the idea. Which brings me to:

Time.  Because The Plan is so important in keeping me calm and functioning smoothly, I need time to adjust The Plan in my head if it is going to alter. Some changes I can write in fairly quickly; others can take days or even longer. If you want to go out for lunch, giving me at least a day's notice is probably a good guide.

Also under time, I need regular time to myself. I think of my stress levels, or busy-ness levels (maybe arousal levels in scientific terms?) on a scale, maybe 1-10. On a normal day at work I'm maybe on a 5; a big social gathering of people I don't know would be a 9 or 10. Relaxing at home with my husband is one of my favourite things and bring me down to maybe 2, but the only time I'm 0 is at home on my own. I'm completely me, just being, and that needs to happen a couple of times weekly to allow me to manage the rest of the time.

I also need time to get to know people and feel comfortable in situations. I probably won't call you a friend until we've spent quite a lot of time together and shared quite a lot (and I don't share with just anyone!). I have to learn to trust people and learn whether new situations are safe.

I'm pernickerty, picky and fussy about a lot of things that seem entirely insignificant and baffling to other people. Also on being fussy, certain textures, smells, sounds I really dislike. They don't usually cause me physical pain but make me want to shout or cry or flap and stamp or shake the feeling off my fingers. Bad grammar makes me twitch and it's hard to not say anything about it. The washing should be hung up just so, every fact should be accurate and precise (my memory is annoyingly better than a lot of people's, so when they recall a past event wrongly it's very bothersome, and vagueness is just messy in my head). Things should be where they belong, our days should run according to the timetable in my head (The Plan, I suppose), and everything should be predictable.

Related to this, I can be a bit of a perfectionist. If I'm going to do something I want to do it properly, to the best of my ability (or better, quite often!). This means I can often be unsatisfied with my work or not seem to value it or take pride in it, whereas it may just be that I'm not quite satisfied that it was perfect, or I'm disappointed that I couldn't make it as good as I wanted. It can also mean that I'm not the quickest worker on the block. The job might take longer but it will be thorough and accurate if I have my way. I also struggle with guilt when I think I could have done something better and this goes for relationships as well as tasks.

I'm honest. You can generally rely on me to tell the truth. Usually whether it's wanted or not. I try and be socially acceptable in this department, though I don't get it right every time. But I won't lie to you and will always give my honest opinion. You can rely on me to be loyal to my friends, do my best to do the right thing, be fair, and look after the underdog.

Not me. I only dream of such an attitude!

I have some interests. I'm quite interested in them. I like to spend a lot of time pursuing them. They are calming and predictable and very enjoyable. I find it difficult when I can't do them.

I am very caring. I want to look after people and for them to be OK. I hate it when people are mistreated or sad. It doesn't necessarily make me sad, though it can do, but it is wrong and I feel a very strong sense of care or pity for the person involved. I will be there for the person that needs me, especially if I know how to help (annoyingly, I don't always - understanding and responding to emotions can be tricky - but that has been covered in other posts). Sometimes all you need to do is sit with somebody or give them a hug.

I like animals too. Weirdly, I feel like we sort of understand each other. And they are nice to cuddle and don't ask questions or talk to you. They aren't complicated!

Decisions are difficult (but there's a separate post for that). I see so many aspects to consider, and so many pros and cons.

I sometimes get overwhelmed (by my or others' emotions, or by a lot of social effort, or something unexpected) and need to get away. If it's too sudden, I might have a bit of a shutdown, which for me often includes crying and shaking. I can't talk to people and I can't look at them for a while afterwards (my eyes are usually shut during most of it). If it's not bad enough to cause a shutdown (which thankfully I don't get too often), I can take some time to myself at home alone and watch some TV, read or think to recover. Sometimes being outside in nature alone can serve the same purpose.

I look at language a bit differently. I rather like it, and sometimes I like to play with it. I understand most simile and metaphor, and quite like them really, seeing them as a bit of an art, but I often take things literally if I don't recognise them as figurative language. If there is more than one possible interpretation of something, for some reason I don't always see the one most people see first first (my Mum says I always seem to pick the least obvious interpretation). People can think I'm being awkward, but usually it is me genuinely having to search for the right understanding for the context. I like humour and like to make people laugh. I used to be rather a punner but not so much any more, but I still enjoy playing with language.

"As much use as a chocolate teapot" is one of my favourite similes :)

Creativity is something I have a love-hate relationship with. I love the idea, but I'm actually not very good at it and find it quite scary and very pressuring and stressful if someone is watching or expecting a result. This is quite entertaining when you think that my passion until I was about 20 was music, and from then on, dance. I love to do them, but I cannot create them for love nor money. Improvisation always made me feel sick and clam up. I can't compose for toffee. Or even chocolate, which I prefer to toffee. I could never write a story from my imagination: in primary school I dreamt

The story was about an
escaped hamster!

up one story based on true events and adapted it to fit every brief. But I really do appreciate the creative arts. I can get lost listening to music or watching dance and in a room on my own I put creative expression into music or dance where the notes/steps have already been written. Particularly with dance, though, I also appreciate the technical side more than perhaps most enthusiasts. I would watch class with at least as much pleasure as a performance and I don't need a story to enjoy a performance (it can even become overwhelming if I let myself be drawn into an emotional story eg. Swan Lake or Giselle). I find it very difficult to encourage the children in my class with role play and imaginative play because I can't think of how to extend what they're doing.

Nearly forgot about this one as it's so obvious, but social situations are also a challenge for me. The more people the worse it is, the less I know them the worse it is, and the more expected of me/attention on me the worse it is. I worry beforehand about whom I will talk to, what I will say, what I will do if I can't find the answer to either of these, when and how I will leave, whether I will say anything inappropriate, whether I will be boring, whether I will say enough or too much, whether I will look ok, whether I will do any silly things with my body, etc etc. When I am there I am still worrying about most of these things, especially how to carry on a conversation and things like that. A lot of worrying and feeling sick, and I will be tired for several days afterwards if it was a big one. It is just exhausting making sure you're doing everything right!

Help!

Small gatherings of up to 5 or 6 where a family member is at least one are manageable and don't put me down on social energy for too long, and I even enjoy these sometimes.

In addition to the feelings brought on by the event itself I also struggle with feeling guilty for not enjoying an event which is obviously supposed to be pleasant, which somebody has put on for everybody to enjoy and maybe even partly for me, so then I may have to make sure I adequately persuade that person that I have enjoyed it, even while trying to recover from the strain it has put me under.

Even just a break in the staff room or a meeting in the corridor can count as a stressful social encounter: what do I say? Where do I look? How do I finish the conversation? Is it bad to sit and not say anything? Can I make my drink last the whole break/Do I look daft sitting not talking with an empty cup? Is it OK to join in someone else's conversation/nod and smile as though joining in with it?

Communication can be difficult. Although I am a very language-minded person it can be quite difficult to express myself properly about important things. Often I only think of what I should have told somebody or asked them quite a while after a conversation has happened. This can mean I can seem rude unintentionally, I can miss out on opportunities, my opinion can be overlooked (well, not expressed to the relevant party rather than necessarily overlooked by them) and I can become frustrated. Sometimes I don't know what I want to express, other times I don't know how to express it, and others I just can't make myself do it at the right time and place. I work better in written communication where I have time to consider matters, think about my real response to them and formulate that into something that will be understood properly by others.

I am funny and silly and clever and quirky. I have a great time with a few good friends and we enjoy each others' company. I might not be everyone's cup of tea but if we get along we really get along. I stick by my friends and we help each other through all sorts and have a lot of laughs on the way.

These are just the main ways I can think of at the moment of what AS means to me, for my life, but I feel like I could keep writing forever, or at least enough to fill a book! I might update if other important things come to mind. I also have a big list of quotes from a few books (Asperger's Sydrome, A Guide for Parents and Professionals, T. Attwood; Inside Asperger's Looking Out, K. Hoopmann; and Finding AS in the Family - A book of answers, C. Lawrence) that I felt really were pertinent to me when I was reading around before diagnosis, if that is of interest to anybody.

Intense World Theory

I said I would come back to the Intense World Theory that I discovered, so I am finally here to fulfil that promise. The theory is detailed in a paper by Kamila and Henry Markram, 2010 (Lausanne) and proposes a unifying neural model to explain autistic spectrum disorders. Markram and Markram study local microcircuits in the brain (focussing on the neocortex and amygdala) and propose that they are hyper-functioning in the brains of people with autism, specifically displaying hyper-reactivity and hyper-plasticity. (see Introduction for more detail http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnhum.2010.00224/full)

Which is a lot of big words. Basically, if I am correct, the researchers think that particular circuits in the brain are working overtime reacting strongly to input and remembering its reactions to inform future preferences. That is a very basic summary: really, you're better off reading it from the source above.

The researchers describe four areas of effects of the hyper-functioning microcircuits which impact how people with autism experience the world: hyper-perception, hyper-attention, hyper-memory and hyper-emotionality.

Hyper-perception
Various circuits (differing from person to person, hence the very individual expresssions of ASC) have a loss of inhibition and are therefore hyper-reactive, leading to "vulnerability to sensory overflow. Consequential behaviour would be panic, aggression and withdrawal."                              

Hyper-attention
This sounds as though the brain gets 'locked into' a circuit, where a circuit is activated and then continues to reverberate, or repeat itself and is difficult to interrupt. This brain activity is clearly linked to difficulties in transition and shifting attention for people with autism, and to fixated attention on matters of interest. Also, autistic people "may seem distracted and disengaged, but are actually hyper-focussed on internal processes."

Hyper-memory
Here it is proposed that early learning is strongly imprinted and not easily over-written. Once something has been learnt it is very hard to unlearn, explaining why people with autism find it very difficult to address problems or tasks in a new way. Also, there may be displayed "idiosyncratic, albeit exceptional memory capabilities."

Hyper-emotionality
Quite contrary to many previous models of autism, the Intense World Theory suggests that in autism there is actually an enhanced sympathetic response to social content as well as to novel or sensory rich content and negatively associated stimuli. This is thought to lead to enhanced fear conditioning and avoidance of high-emotion stimuli (eg. eye contact) as well as avoidance of novel environments "due to fear of surprises that arise from over-generalisation of previous negative associations." Behaviours displayed may seem unpredictable, exaggerated, extreme or inappropriate.

The writers conclude that:

"In contrast to other deficit-oriented theories of autism, the Intense World Theory points out that enhanced brain functioning may lie at the heart of autism. In this light, autistic individuals may in general – and not only in exceptional cases – exhibit enhanced perception, attention, and memory capabilities and it is in fact these capabilities, which may turn the world too intense and even aversive and lead to many of the autistic symptoms including withdrawal and social avoidance".

Obviously this is a painfully tiny summary, and quite possibly not a perfectly true representation of the research, so please go and do some further reading and come back with questions! The theory is still fairly controversial I think, but there are parts of it that seem to make a lot of sense to me.

I would say the reason I avoid emotional stimuli is definitely due to being overly sensitive, getting overwhelmed by people's insides and not knowing what I am supposed to do with that stuff or how I can make someone feel better or show them I am happy with them. Hyper-memory I think also affects me quite strongly: I tend to be pretty rigid in my approach to many things (probably much to the frustration of Mr Peggy!), to the extent that I feel like I am doing something wrong if I deviate from my own expectations. The other two areas also add up with my and many others' experiences, so if you would like any more information/anecdotes/thoughts on any particular areas, just let me know!